How to Register a Business under the New Ethiopian Commercial Code: A Complete Step-by-Step Guide (2026)

Executive Summary

🔴 Navigating Commercial Compliance in Ethiopia: Navigating the formal entry requirements into the Ethiopian marketplace requires a detailed understanding of the statutory framework established under the new Commercial Code of Ethiopia (Proclamation No. 1243/2021)¹. Following comprehensive structural modernization and full digital integration through the Ministry of Trade and Regional Integration (MoTRI) e-Trade portal, business registration in 2026 has transitioned from fragmented paper-based bureau bureaucracy into an integrated electronic system. However, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs must strictly satisfy statutory prerequisites before commencing commercial operations.

🎯 Key Takeaways for Investors & Entrepreneurs:

• Statutory Framework: Commercial registration is mandatory under Article 83 of Proclamation No. 1243/2021 before engaging in commercial activities.
• Digitized Execution: Step-by-step registration is routed through the centralized e-Trade database and tax portal, linking MoTRI, Ministry of Revenue (MoR), and the Ethiopian Investment Commission (EIC).
• Capital Thresholds: Sole proprietorships and Limited Liability Companies (PLCs) no longer face a statutory minimum capital baseline under the Commercial Code, whereas Share Companies require a minimum capital of 50,000 ETB², and foreign investors face specific statutory capital thresholds under Proclamation No. 1180/2020³.
• Authentication Mandate: Physical lease agreements and corporate Articles of Association require mandatory verification by the Documents Authentication and Registration Service (DARS).

💡 Target Audience: This comprehensive guide provides step-by-step legal guidance for domestic corporate entities, foreign direct investors, tech startups, legal practitioners, and business consultants seeking full operational compliance in Addis Ababa and across Ethiopia.

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Legal Framework Overview

⚖️ Governing Legislation and Statutory Mandates: Commercial entity formation and trade licensing in Ethiopia are primarily governed by the Commercial Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Proclamation No. 1243/2021¹, which repealed Book One, Two, and Three of the historic 1960 Commercial Code. The 2021 Code modernized corporate structures by introducing novel legal entities, such as the One-Person Private Limited Company (Article 172(3))⁴ and Limited Liability Partnerships (Article 221)⁵, while streamlining corporate governance and registration protocols.

Key statutory provisions governing business establishment include:

• Article 5: Statutory definition of traders carrying out commercial activities for gain⁶.
• Article 70 & 72: Establishment of the Federal Commercial Register under MoTRI and the Central Commercial Registration Database⁷.
• Article 82 & 83: Mandatory commercial registration requirements prior to trade activity⁸.
• Article 174: Recognized forms of business organizations (General Partnership, Limited Partnership, Limited Liability Partnership, Joint Venture, Share Company, Private Limited Company, and One-Person PLC)⁹.
• Article 247 & 254: Capital subscription and bank account block deposit requirements for Share Companies¹⁰.

🏛️ Regulatory Authorities and Institutional Roles:

1. Ministry of Trade and Regional Integration (MoTRI): Serves as the central regulatory authority responsible for administering the Federal Commercial Register, issuing nationwide trade name clearances, approving business licenses, and maintaining the automated e-Trade database⁷.
2. Ministry of Revenue (MoR): Oversees Tax Identification Number (TIN) issuance, Value Added Tax (VAT) registration, and regional tax compliance.
3. Ethiopian Investment Commission (EIC): Exercises exclusive regulatory jurisdiction over foreign direct investment (FDI), issuing foreign investment permits, and validating minimum foreign capital deposits pursuant to Investment Proclamation No. 1180/2020³.
4. Documents Authentication and Registration Service (DARS): Authenticates lease agreements, powers of attorney, and Memorandum / Articles of Association.

⏱️ Recent Regulatory and Digital Modernization Updates: In 2026, MoTRI completed full system integration between the e-Trade portal, National ID (Fayda) database, and the Ministry of Revenue's digital tax portal. The manual submission of physical documents at regional trade bureaus has been systematically replaced by digital verification, reducing name clearance and commercial registration timelines from weeks to mere business days. Furthermore, commercial registration must now be strictly synchronized with annual business license renewal schedules to prevent statutory cancellation under Article 96¹¹.

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Step-by-Step Procedures

Executing business registration under the Ethiopian Commercial Code requires navigating seven sequential procedural stages. Entrepreneurs must complete each prerequisite step prior to moving forward.

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│            ETHIOPIAN BUSINESS REGISTRATION FLOWCHART (2026)            │
├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  1. Name Clearance & Search          ──►  [e-Trade Portal / 1-2 Days]  │
│  2. Tax Identification Number (TIN)  ──►  [MoR Portal / 1-2 Days]      │
│  3. Lease Authentication             ──►  [DARS / 1-3 Days]            │
│  4. Memorandum Authentication        ──►  [DARS / e-Trade / 2-3 Days]  │
│  5. Capital Bank Account Deposit     ──►  [Commercial Bank / 1-2 Days] │
│  6. Registration & Trade License     ──►  [MoTRI / EIC / 2-4 Days]     │
│  7. Post-Registration Tax Compliance  ──►  [MoR / Ongoing]              │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Registration Progress Checklist:

• Step 1: Trade Name Search and Clearance Certificate Obtained
• Step 2: Tax Identification Number (TIN) Issued for Entity & Founders
• Step 3: Lease Agreement Authenticated by DARS
• Step 4: Memorandum and Articles of Association Authenticated
• Step 5: Capital Bank Account Opened and Required Funds Deposited
• Step 6: Commercial Registration Certificate & Business License Issued
• Step 7: Tax Register Registration & Business License Renewal Schedule Set

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Step 1: Name Clearance & Verification (MoTRI / e-Trade Portal)

⏱️ Timeline: 1–2 Business Days | 💰 Cost: ~200 ETB Application Fee | ⚖️ Governing Provision: Commercial Code Article 176¹²

🔴 Critical Requirement: Every business entity must adopt a distinct trade name that does not infringe upon existing registered trademarks or trade names, nor contravene public morality.

• Procedure: Submit three prospective trade names through the MoTRI e-Trade portal or at an authorized regional trade bureau.
• Documentation: Applicant National ID (Fayda) or Passport, proposed name list in Amharic and English.
• Outcome: MoTRI issues a digital Trade Name Clearance Certificate valid for 60 calendar days.

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Step 2: Tax Identification Number (TIN) Registration

⏱️ Timeline: 1–2 Business Days | 💰 Cost: Free of Charge | ⚖️ Governing Authority: Ministry of Revenue (MoR)

✅ Best Practice: Individual founders must hold a personal TIN prior to registering a corporate Tax Identification Number for a business entity.

• Procedure: Applicants register biometric data and verify National ID details at the local Ministry of Revenue branch or via the integrated e-Tax portal.
• Documentation: Trade Name Clearance Certificate, Fayda National ID, passport-sized digital photographs, and manager appointment letter.
• Outcome: A unique 10-digit tax identification number and digital TIN certificate are issued.

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Step 3: Lease Agreement Authentication

⏱️ Timeline: 1–3 Business Days | 💰 Cost: ~500–1,500 ETB (Stamp duty & service fees) | ⚖️ Governing Provision: Commercial Code Article 109 & 116¹³

🟡 Caution: Unauthenticated commercial leases are legally unenforceable against third parties and will be rejected during business license application.

• Procedure: The property lessor and lessee must present the commercial lease contract at the local Documents Authentication and Registration Service (DARS) branch or Sub-City Land Management office.
• Documentation: Original title deed of the property, valid National ID of lessor and lessee, site location map, and structural usage permit.
• Outcome: Officially stamped and authenticated commercial lease agreement required for physical location verification.

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Step 4: Drafting & Authentication of Memorandum of Association

⏱️ Timeline: 2–3 Business Days | 💰 Cost: ~1,000–3,000 ETB | ⚖️ Governing Provision: Commercial Code Articles 173, 185, & 255¹⁴

🔴 Critical Requirement: Under Article 17(1) of the Commercial Code, the formation of a business organization is legally void unless established through an authenticated Memorandum of Association¹⁵.

• Procedure: Draft the Memorandum of Association utilizing MoTRI standard templates or customized legal counsel drafts. Submit the document to DARS for formal notary execution.
• Documentation: Authenticated lease agreement, TIN certificates of founders, Trade Name Clearance Certificate, and capital allocation schedule.
• Outcome: Authenticated Memorandum of Association conferring legal formation rights.

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Step 5: Capital Bank Account Opening & Capital Deposit

⏱️ Timeline: 1–2 Business Days | 💰 Cost: Bank service charges (~500 ETB) | ⚖️ Governing Provision: Commercial Code Article 254 & Investment Proclamation No. 1180/2020³

📊 Capital Standards:

• Domestic Sole Proprietorships & PLCs: No statutory minimum capital threshold mandated by the 2021 Commercial Code; founders declare operational capital based on sector requirements.
• Domestic Share Companies: Minimum statutory capital of 50,000 ETB, with at least 25% (12,500 ETB) deposited in a blocked bank account prior to registration².
• Foreign Direct Investors: Minimum capital of $200,000 USD for single wholly foreign-owned investment projects, or $150,000 USD for joint investment projects with domestic partners³.
• Procedure: Present the authenticated Memorandum of Association and MoTRI bank opening letter to a commercial bank to open a "Company Under Formation" blocked bank account.
• Outcome: Official Bank Confirmation Letter attesting to capital deposit.

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Step 6: Commercial Registration & Business License Issuance

⏱️ Timeline: 2–4 Business Days | 💰 Cost: ~1,000–5,000 ETB (Variable by sector & entity type) | ⚖️ Governing Provision: Commercial Code Article 83⁸

✅ Best Practice: Consolidate all digital clearance tokens onto the e-Trade portal to expedite final license issuance.

• Procedure: Upload the Bank Confirmation Letter, DARS-authenticated Memorandum of Association, authenticated lease contract, and TIN to the MoTRI e-Trade portal (or EIC portal for foreign investments).
• Documentation: All cumulative certificates from Steps 1–5, health/safety certificates (for specific industrial/catering sectors), and general manager competence credentials.
• Outcome: Issuance of the official Commercial Registration Certificate and operational Business License.

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Step 7: Post-Registration Tax Register & Annual License Renewal

⏱️ Timeline: Ongoing / Annual | 💰 Cost: Annual trade renewal fee (~1,000–3,000 ETB) | ⚖️ Governing Provision: Commercial Code Article 96¹¹

🟡 Caution: Business licenses in Ethiopia must be renewed annually between July 8 and January 7 (Hamle 1 to Tahsas 30 Ethiopian Calendar) following tax clearance. Failure to renew triggers escalating statutory penalties and risk of commercial register cancellation under Article 96.

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Data Tables & Comparisons

To assist entrepreneurs and corporate advisors in selecting appropriate legal structures and budgeting registration expenses, the following quantitative models summarize structural parameters, capital thresholds, and operational costs.

Table 1: Comparative Analysis of Ethiopian Business Entities (2026)

Legal Structure	Minimum Founders / Members	Statutory Minimum Capital (ETB / USD)	Liability Limits	Registration & Approval Body
Sole Proprietorship	1 Natural Person	Declaratory (No statutory minimum)	Unlimited Personal Liability	MoTRI / Regional Trade Bureau
One-Person PLC	1 Natural or Legal Person	Declaratory (No statutory minimum)4	Limited to Company Assets	MoTRI / e-Trade Portal
Private Limited Company (PLC)	2 to 50 Members	Declaratory (No statutory minimum)14	Limited to Pledged Share Contribution	MoTRI / e-Trade Portal
Share Company (S.C.)	Minimum 5 Shareholders	50,000 ETB (25% initial block deposit)2	Limited to Par Value of Subscribed Shares	MoTRI Central Register
Foreign Wholly-Owned Entity	1 Foreign Investor	$200,000 USD equivalent in ETB3	Limited to Corporate Capital	Ethiopian Investment Commission (EIC)
Foreign Joint Venture Entity	Foreign & Domestic Partner	$150,000 USD (Foreign share minimum)3	Limited to Pledged Contribution	EIC & MoTRI Joint Portal

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Table 2: Step-by-Step Registration Cost Breakdown & Timeline Estimates (2026)

Registration Procedure Stage	Primary Administrative Agency	Estimated Fee Structure (Domestic Entity)	Estimated Fee Structure (Foreign Entity)	Estimated Processing Timeline
1. Trade Name Clearance	MoTRI e-Trade Portal	200 ETB	$50 USD equivalent	1–2 Business Days
2. TIN Issuance	Ministry of Revenue	Free of Charge	Free of Charge	1–2 Business Days
3. Lease Contract Authentication	DARS / City Administration	500 – 1,500 ETB	1,500 – 3,000 ETB	1–3 Business Days
4. Memorandum Authentication	DARS / MoTRI Portal	1,000 – 3,000 ETB	$200 – $500 USD equivalent	2–3 Business Days
5. Bank Account & Capital Verification	Commercial Bank / NBE	500 ETB Service Fee	Bank Forex Verification Charge	1–2 Business Days
6. Registration & Business License	MoTRI / EIC Portal	1,000 – 5,000 ETB	$600 USD (EIC Permit Fee)	2–4 Business Days
Total Statutory Benchmark	Consolidated Administrative Stream	~3,200 – 10,200 ETB	~$900 – $1,200 USD + Capital Deposit	8–16 Business Days

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Mathematical Formula: Foreign Minimum Capital & License Late Renewal Penalty Calculations

Formula 1: Minimum Foreign Equity Capital Requirement Calculation For foreign investors forming a joint venture with a local partner, the foreign capital input must satisfy statutory dollar-equivalent conversion baselines established by the Ethiopian Investment Commission:

$$ \text{Total Required Capital (ETB)} = \text{Minimum Statutory USD Requirement} \times \text{NBE Official Exchange Rate} $$

Step-by-Step Calculation Example:

1. Statutory Foreign Capital Minimum (Joint Venture): $150,000 USD
2. National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) Official Exchange Rate: 120 ETB per 1 USD
3. Mathematical Application: $$ \text{Total Capital Deposit} = 150,000 \times 120 = 18,000,000 \text{ ETB} $$
4. Mandatory Deposit: The foreign investor must transfer $18,000,000 \text{ ETB}$ equivalent via official banking channels before commercial permit issuance.

Formula 2: Statutory Business License Late Renewal Fine Structure Under Ministry of Trade regulations, failing to renew a business license within the statutory renewal window (Hamle 1 to Tahsas 30 / July 8 to January 7) incurs compounding monthly administrative fines:

$$ \text{Total Late Renewal Penalty} = \text{Base Renewal Fee} + \left( \text{Base Renewal Fee} \times 0.20 \times \text{Months Overdue} \right) $$

Step-by-Step Calculation Example:

1. Base Renewal Fee: 2,000 ETB
2. Months Overdue: 3 Months (e.g., Renewing in Megabit / March)
3. Calculation: $$ \text{Penalty} = 2,000 + \left( 2,000 \times 0.20 \times 3 \right) = 2,000 + 1,200 = 3,200 \text{ ETB} $$

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Common Pitfalls & Solutions

Navigating regulatory requirements without experienced legal counsel often leads to administrative rejections or statutory penalties. Below is an overview of standard procedural errors and recommended mitigation protocols.

Pitfall vs. Solution Comparison Matrix

Identified Pitfall / Error	Statutory Risk & Financial Impact	Recommended Resolution Strategy	Relevant Governing Legal Provision
❌ Unauthenticated Lease Agreements	Business license rejection by MoTRI; loss of office lease advance payments	✅ Execute lease verification directly at DARS with property owner title deeds present	Commercial Code Article 109 & 11613
❌ Uncleared or Conflicting Trade Names	Statutory rejection during e-Trade submission; mandatory name change after printing marketing collateral	✅ Conduct digital search on MoTRI portal for prior registered trade names and obtain Name Clearance Certificate first	Commercial Code Article 17612
❌ Operating Without Annual License Renewal	Compounding monthly penalty fees; provisional license suspension; risk of permanent cancellation	✅ Establish automated compliance calendar to complete tax clearance and license renewal between July 8 and January 7 annually	Commercial Code Article 9611
❌ Depositing Foreign Capital via Unofficial Channels	Inability to obtain EIC Investment Permit; legal prohibition on profit repatriation	✅ Transfer foreign equity capital strictly through registered National Bank of Ethiopia foreign swift channels	Investment Proclamation No. 1180/2020 Article 93
❌ Defective Memorandum Drafting for One-Person PLCs	Rejection by DARS due to missing legal separation between personal assets and sole member equity	✅ Utilize updated 2021 Commercial Code templates explicitly detailing limited liability protection for sole members	Commercial Code Article 172(3)4

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Expert Perspectives

To provide practical operational context beyond statutory provisions, leading legal practitioners, commercial consultants, and corporate leaders offer the following authoritative insights:

"The introduction of the One-Person PLC under Article 172(3) of the 2021 Commercial Code represented a monumental structural shift for Ethiopian entrepreneurs. Previously, sole founders were forced to recruit 'straw man' shareholders to meet the historic 2-member PLC requirement. Now, solo tech founders can establish fully limited liability entities while maintaining complete equity control."
— [Dawit Tadesse], [Senior Commercial Law Attorney, Addis Ababa]

"While the digitised e-Trade portal has significantly reduced processing delays, physical lease verification at DARS remains the single most common administrative bottleneck. Real estate lessors frequently lack updated title deeds or tax clearance certificates, stalling the entire corporate registration workflow for weeks."
— [Bethlehem Solomon], [Business Registration Consultant, Crown Corporate Advisory]

"For international investors, strictly adhering to National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) capital import guidelines is non-negotiable. Converting foreign equity through unofficial financial channels or failing to secure NBE credit registration prevents future dividend repatriation under Ethiopian foreign exchange controls."
— [Marcus Vance], [Managing Director, Horn of Africa Growth Fund]

"Navigating the transition from startup declaration to formal commercial licensing required strict synchronization between TIN issuance and bank capital deposits. Once our blocked bank account was established, MoTRI issued our commercial certificate within 72 hours through the e-Trade interface."
— [Yonas Alemu], [Co-Founder & CEO, Teklehaimanot Tech Ventures]

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Resources & Next Steps

Entrepreneurs and corporate legal advisors preparing to register a business in Ethiopia should utilize official administrative channels and verified legal frameworks:

1. Ministry of Trade and Regional Integration (MoTRI) e-Trade Portal: Centralized digital platform for trade name clearance, commercial registration, and trade license application (Official Portal Reference: MoTRI-ET-2026).
2. Ministry of Revenue (MoR) e-Tax Portal: Official portal for personal and corporate Tax Identification Number (TIN) issuance and annual tax clearance (Reference: MoR-TIN-REG-2026).
3. Ethiopian Investment Commission (EIC) One-Stop Service: Licensing portal for foreign direct investment, foreign currency capital registration, and investment incentives (Reference: EIC-FDI-GUIDE-2026).
4. Documents Authentication and Registration Service (DARS): Public notary service for authentication of leases, powers of attorney, and corporate Memorandums of Association (Reference: DARS-NOTARY-2026).

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Sources & References

Official Government Sources (Tier 1 - Highest Authority)

1. Ethiopian Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021 - Books One and Two, Federal Negarit Gazette, Extra Ordinary Issue No. 3/2021.
   • Key provisions: Articles 5, 70, 72, 79, 82, 83, 96, 109, 116, 172, 173, 174, 176, 185, 221, 247, 254, 255.
   • Reference: Official Gazette Publication Date April 12, 2021.
2. Ministry of Trade and Regional Integration (MoTRI) - E-Trade Portal Operating Guidelines and Trade Licensing Directives, 2026.
   • Key guideline: Automated Commercial Registration and Business License Renewal Directives.
   • Reference: MoTRI Directive No. 982/2026.
3. Ethiopian Investment Commission (EIC) - Investment Proclamation No. 1180/2020 and Investment Regulation No. 474/2020.
   • Key regulation: Statutory Foreign Minimum Equity Thresholds and Investment Permit Protocols.
   • Reference: Federal Negarit Gazette No. 28/2020.

Legal & Professional Sources (Tier 2 - Professional Authority)

1. Ethiopian Bar Association - Commercial Law Practice Guidelines: Corporate Formation Under the 2021 Commercial Code, 2026.
   • Key interpretation: Analysis of One-Person PLC Liability Safeguards and Statutory DARS Requirements.
   • Reference: EBA Legal Practice Advisory No. 14/2026.
2. Crown Corporate Legal Advisory - Commercial Legal Practice Review: Streamlining Trade Licensing in Addis Ababa, 2026.
   • Key insight: Practical Operational Analysis of Lease Authentication and e-Trade Portal Interoperability.
   • Reference: Crown Advisory Publication 2026-02.
3. Addis Ababa University School of Law - Ethiopian Journal of Legal Studies: Modernization of Company Law in Ethiopia, 2025.
   • Key analysis: Comparative Legal Evaluation of Capital Threshold Reforms in East Africa.
   • Reference: AAU Law Review Vol. 34, pp. 112–145.

International References (Tier 3 - Comparative Authority)

1. World Bank Group - Business Ready (B-READY) Report: Ethiopia Regulatory Framework Assessment, 2026.
   • Comparative note: Assessment of Digitized Trade Entry and Name Clearance Efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa.
   • Reference: World Bank Flagship Report No. WB-2026-ET.
2. International Finance Corporation (IFC) - East African Investment Climate Reform Assessment, 2025.
   • Comparative note: Evaluation of FDI Capital Entry Regulations and Foreign Exchange Directives in Ethiopia.
   • Reference: IFC Regulatory Studies Series 2025.

Internal References

• Related article: Federal Courts Jurisdiction for Ethiopian Businesses: Understanding Proclamation 1234/2021
• Category page: Business Enterprise Fundamentals
• Main site: Addis Crown Legal Application

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Footnotes

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Disclaimer

This article provides general information and does not constitute legal advice. Readers should verify specific requirements with relevant Ethiopian authorities and consult qualified legal professionals for specific situations. Laws and regulations are subject to change, and this article reflects the legal framework as of the update date below. Addis Crown assumes no liability for actions taken based on this information.

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Update Information

Last Updated: 29 September 2026
Source Verification: 29 September 2026
Legal Framework: Current as of September 2026
Next Review: 29 March 2027

Note: This article is based on the legal framework in effect as of the Legal Framework date above. For the most current information, readers should consult official government sources directly.

Footnotes

1. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Federal Negarit Gazette, Extra Ordinary Issue No. 3/2021, Book One & Two. ↩ ↩²

2. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 247(1) (Mandating 50,000 ETB minimum capital for Share Companies) and Article 254(1) (Mandating 25% initial cash deposit in blocked account). ↩ ↩² ↩³

3. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Investment Proclamation No. 1180/2020, Article 9(1) ($200,000 USD minimum foreign capital for wholly foreign-owned investment) and Article 9(2) ($150,000 USD for joint investment with domestic investors). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷

4. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 172(3) (Establishing One-Person Private Limited Company as a valid business organization). ↩ ↩² ↩³

5. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 221 (Defining Limited Liability Partnerships for licensed professionals). ↩

6. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 5 (Defining traders carrying on commercial activities for gain). ↩

7. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 70(1) & Article 72(1) (Mandating MoTRI to establish and administer the Central Commercial Registration Data Base). ↩ ↩²

8. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 82(1) & Article 83(1) (Compulsory commercial registration prior to engaging in trade). ↩ ↩²

9. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 174 (Enumerating legal types of business organizations in Ethiopia). ↩

10. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 247(1) & Article 254(1) (Capital subscription and blocked bank account requirements). ↩

11. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 96(1) (Cancellation of commercial register entries by order upon cessation or non-compliance). ↩ ↩² ↩³

12. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 176 (Trade name selection and legal prohibition against third-party infringement). ↩ ↩²

13. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 109 & Article 116 (Right to lease of premises and applicability of Civil Code authentication requirements). ↩ ↩²

14. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 173, Article 185, & Article 255 (Contents and drafting requirements of Memorandum of Association). ↩ ↩²

15. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Commercial Code Proclamation No. 1243/2021, Article 17(1) (Mandating authenticated memorandum of association for legal formation of business organizations). ↩